Bigeye - The pencil cardinalfish and the bulls-eye are very similar, except the former has seven spines in the first dorsal fin, whereas the later has eight.
Big-eyed cardinalfish - The big-eyed cardinalfish, bigeye cardinalfish, or bigeye, Epigonus lenimen, is a deepwater cardinalfish of the genus Epigonus, found in southern temperate waters at depths of between 500 and 800 m.
Robust cardinalfish - It is a vigorous fish which, apart from the second dorsal fin exhibiting a longer spine, resembles the big-eyed cardinalfish.